CESSNA 172 Training Manual2011

CESSNA 172 TRAINING MANUAL CESSNA 172 CESSNA 172 CESSNA 172 CESSNA 172 TRAINING MANUAL TRAINING MANUAL TRAINING MANUAL TRAINING MANUAL by Oleg Roud and Danielle Bruckert Published by Red Sky Ventures, Memel CATS Copyright © 2006 by D. Bruckert & O. Roud © 2006 Page 1

CESSNA 172 TRAINING MANUAL Contact the Authors: We appreciate your feedback. D Bruckert O Roud redskyventures@gmail.com roudoleg@yahoo.com PO Box 11288 Windhoek, Namibia PO Box 30421 Windhoek, Namibia Red Sky Ventures Memel CATS CreateSpace Paperback: ISBN-13: 978-1463675448; ISBN-10: 1463675445 Lulu Paperback: ISBN 978-0-557-01472-9 First Published RSV/Memel CATS © 2006 3 rd Edition RSV/Memel CATS © 2011 More information about these books and online orders available at: http://www.redskyventures.org Other aircraft presently available in the Cessna Training Manual series are: Cessna 152, Cessna 172, Cessna 182, Cessna 206. COPYRIGHT & DISCLAIMER All rights reserved. No part of this manual may be reproduced for commercial use in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of the authors. This Training Manual is intended to supplement information you receive from your flight instructor during your type conversion training. It should be used for training and reference use only, and is not part of the Civil Aviation Authority or FAA approved Aircraft Operating Manual or Pilot's Operating Handbook. While every effort has been made to ensure completeness and accuracy, should any conflict arise between this training manual and other operating handbooks, the approved aircraft flight manuals or pilot's operating handbook should be used as final reference. Information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of the authors, nor is it a complete and accurate specification of this product. The authors cannot accept responsibility of any kind from the use of this material. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Peter Hartmann, Aviation Center, Windhoek: Supply of technical information, maintenance manuals and CD's for authors research Brenda Whittaker, Auckland New Zealand: Editor, Non Technical by D. Bruckert & O. Roud © 2006 Page 2

CESSNA 172 TRAINING MANUAL Table of Contents Introduction....................................................................................................................................................5 History.......................................................................................................................................................5 Development of the C172.........................................................................................................................5 Terminology ................................................................................................................................................7 Useful Factors and Formulas.......................................................................................................................10 Conversion Factors..................................................................................................................................10 Formulas..................................................................................................................................................11 Pilot's Operating Handbook Information.....................................................................................................11 AIRCRAFT TECHNICAL INFORMATION..............................................................................................13 Models and Differences ..........................................................................................................................14 Type Variants..........................................................................................................................................20 Airframe.......................................................................................................................................................23 Doors ......................................................................................................................................................24 Flight Controls.............................................................................................................................................26 Elevator...................................................................................................................................................26 Rudder.....................................................................................................................................................27 Ailerons...................................................................................................................................................27 Trim System............................................................................................................................................29 Flaps........................................................................................................................................................31 Landing Gear................................................................................................................................................34 Shock Absorption....................................................................................................................................35 Hydraulic System-Retractable Landing Gear (C172RG Only)..............................................................35 Brakes......................................................................................................................................................38 Towing....................................................................................................................................................40 Engine and Propeller....................................................................................................................................41 Engine Controls.......................................................................................................................................43 Fuel Injection System (R172/FR172, C172R, C172S)...........................................................................45 Constant Speed Propellers (C172RG and R172/FR172)........................................................................46 Engine Gauges.........................................................................................................................................48 Induction System and Carb. Heat............................................................................................................50 Oil System...............................................................................................................................................52 Ignition System........................................................................................................................................54 Cooling System.......................................................................................................................................55 Fuel System..................................................................................................................................................57 Fuel Measuring and Indication................................................................................................................59 Priming System ......................................................................................................................................59 Auxiliary Pump (Fuel-injected Models FR172, R172, C172R, C172S only).........................................60 Fuel Venting............................................................................................................................................60 Fuel Drains..............................................................................................................................................60 Standard Fuel System Schematic ...........................................................................................................62 Fuel System Schematic C172RG............................................................................................................63 Fuel System Schematic Fuel Injected Models ........................................................................................64 Electrical System..........................................................................................................................................65 Battery.....................................................................................................................................................65 Electrical Power Supply..........................................................................................................................67 Electrical Equipment...............................................................................................................................67 System Protection and Distribution.........................................................................................................67 Electrical System Schematic Conventional Aircraft...............................................................................71 by D. Bruckert & O. Roud © 2006 Page 3

CESSNA 172 TRAINING MANUAL G1000 Electrical Distribution Schematic................................................................................................72 Flight Instruments and Associated Systems ................................................................................................73 Ancillary Systems and Equipment..........................................................................................................77 Avionics Systems ...................................................................................................................................79 FLIGHT OPERATIONS..............................................................................................................................81 PRE-FLIGHT CHECK ...............................................................................................................................81 Cabin.......................................................................................................................................................82 Exterior Inspection..................................................................................................................................83 Passenger Brief........................................................................................................................................88 NORMAL OPERATIONS...........................................................................................................................89 Starting and Warm-up.............................................................................................................................89 After Start................................................................................................................................................92 Takeoff....................................................................................................................................................95 Climb.....................................................................................................................................................100 Cruise....................................................................................................................................................100 Mixture Setting......................................................................................................................................101 Descent, Approach and Landing ..........................................................................................................103 Balked Landing ....................................................................................................................................107 After Landing Checks............................................................................................................................107 Taxi and Shutdown................................................................................................................................107 Circuit Pattern.......................................................................................................................................108 Note on Checks and Checklists.............................................................................................................112 ABNORMAL AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURES..............................................................................114 Stalling and Spinning............................................................................................................................114 Emergency During Takeoff ..................................................................................................................114 Gliding and Forced Landing..................................................................................................................115 Engine Fire............................................................................................................................................117 Electrical Fire........................................................................................................................................118 Rough Running Engine.........................................................................................................................118 Magneto Faults......................................................................................................................................118 Spark Plug Faults..................................................................................................................................118 Engine Driven Fuel Pump Failure (Fuel Injected Models)...................................................................119 Excessive Fuel Vapour (Fuel Injection Models)...................................................................................119 Abnormal Oil Pressure or Temperature................................................................................................120 Landing Gear Emergencies (RG model)...............................................................................................120 PERFORMANCE .....................................................................................................................................122 Specifications and Limitations..............................................................................................................122 Ground Planning ..................................................................................................................................123 REVIEW QUESTIONS.............................................................................................................................135 NAVIGATION AND PERFORMANCE WORKSHEETS.....................................................................140 by D. Bruckert & O. Roud © 2006 Page 4

CESSNA 172 TRAINING MANUAL Introduction This training manual provides a technical and operational description for most models of the Cessna 172 series aeroplane, from the C172 and C172A to the C172SP, and includes systems descriptions for the C172RG. The information is intended for ground reference and as an instructional aid to assist with practical training for type transition or ab-initio training, provided by an approved training organisation. The book is laid out according to a typical training syllabus progression for ease of use. This material does not supersede, nor is it meant to substitute any of the manufacturer’s operation manuals. The material presented has been prepared from the information provided in the pilots operating handbook for the model series, Cessna maintenance manuals and from operational experience. History The Cessna aircraft company has a long and rich history. Founder Clyde Cessna built his first aeroplane in 1911, and taught himself to fly it! He went on to build a number of innovative aeroplanes, including several race and award winning designs. In 1934, Clyde's nephew, Dwane Wallace, fresh out of college, took over as head of the company. During the depression years Dwane acted as everything from floor sweeper to CEO, even personally flying company planes in air races (several of which he won!). Under Wallace's leadership, the Cessna Aircraft Company eventually became the most successful general aviation company of all time. Cessna first began production of two-seat light planes in 1946 with the model 120 which had an all aluminium fuselage and fabric covered wings. This was followed by a nearly identical model the 140, with aluminium clad wings. More than 7,000 model 120-140's were sold over four years when Cessna stopped production in order to focus on four-seat aircraft. Development of the C172 The Cessna 172 is probably the most popular flight training aircraft in the world. The aircraft made her first flight in November 1955, the first production models were delivered in 1957, and became an overnight sales success and over 1400 aircraft were built in its first full year of production. It is still in production in 2005, more than 35 000 have been build. The Cessna 172 started as a relatively simple tricycle undercarriage development of the taildragger Cessna 170B. The airframe was basically a 170B, including the “fastback” fuselage and effective 40º Fowler flaps. The gross weight was identical by D. Bruckert & O. Roud © 2006 Page 5

CESSNA 172 TRAINING MANUAL although the useful load went down 45 pounds. Later versions incorporated revised landing gear, a lowered rear deck, and an aft window. Cessna advertised this added rear visibility as “Omnivision”. The final structural development, in the mid-1960s, was the sweptback tail still used today. The airframe has remained almost unchanged since then, with updates mainly affecting avionics and engine fittings, including the most recent the Garmin 1000 glass cockpit option. Production ended in the mid-1980s, but was resumed in 1996 and continues at the time of writing. The Cessna 172 evolved slowly over the years. The basic Cessna 172 remained in production until replaced by the 172A of early 1960. The latest model of Cessna 172 introduced a new swept back tail and rudder, a shorter undercarriage and changes of equipment. In 1961 the name "Sky Hawk" was introduced. The Cessna 172H was the last Continental powered 172. Electric flaps were introduced in 1964 with the 172E, and the 150hp Lycoming 0-320-E2D replaced the 145 hp Continental 0-300D in 1968. In 1966 Cessna began assembly of US airframes at Reims Aviation in France. The Cessna F172 was built by Reims Cessna through to 1971. Cessna also produced a retractable version and most models are available as a seaplane version with floats. The Cessna 172 is part of a large family of high-wing, tricycle undercarriage, single engine Cessna planes, ranging from the two-seater 150 and 152 to more advance 182 Skylane, the six-seat 206 and the turboprop Cessna 208 Caravan. by D. Bruckert & O. Roud © 2006 Page 6

CESSNA 172 TRAINING MANUAL Terminology Airspeed KIAS Knots Indicated Airspeed Speed in knots as indicated on the airspeed indicator. KCAS Knots Calibrated Airspeed KIAS corrected for instrument error. Note this error is often negligible and CAS may be omitted from calculations. KTAS Knots True Airspeed KCAS corrected for density (altitude and temperature) error. Va Max Manoeuvering Speed The maximum speed for full or abrupt control inputs. Vfe Maximum Flap Extended Speed The highest speed permitted with flap extended. Indicated by the top of the white arc. Vno Maximum Structural Cruising Speed Sometimes referred to as “normal operating range”. Should not be exceeded except in smooth conditions and only with caution. Indicated by the green arc. Vne Never Exceed speed Maximum speed permitted, exceeding will cause structural damage. Indicated by the upper red line. Vs Stall Speed The minimum speed before loss of control in the normal cruise configuration. Indicated by the bottom of the green arc. Sometimes referred to as minimum ‘steady flight’ speed. Vso Stall Speed Landing Configuration The minimum speed before loss of control in the landing configuration, at the most forward C of G*. Indicated by the bottom of the white arc. *forward centre of gravity gives a higher stall speed and so is used for certification Vx Best Angle of Climb Speed The speed which results in the maximum gain in altitude for a given horizontal distance. Vy Best Rate of Climb Speed The speed which results in the maximum gain in altitude for a given time, indicated by the maximum rate of climb for the conditions on the VSI. Vref Reference Speed The minimum safe approach speed, calculated as 1.3 x Vso. Vbug Nominated Speed The speed nominated as indicated by the speed bug, for approach this is Vref plus a safety margin for conditions. Vr Rotation Speed The speed which rotation should be initiated. by D. Bruckert & O. Roud © 2006 Page 7

CESSNA 172 TRAINING MANUAL Vat Barrier Speed The speed to maintain at the 50ft barrier or on reaching 50ft above the runway. Maximum Demonstrated Crosswind The maximum demonstrated crosswind during testing. Meteorological Terms OAT Outside Air Temperature Free outside air temperature, or indicated outside air temperature corrected for gauge, position and ram air errors. IOAT Indicated Outside Air Temperature Temperature indicated on the temperature gauge. ISA International Standard Atmosphere The ICAO international atmosphere, as defined in document 7488. Approximate conditions are a sea level temperature of 15 degrees with a lapse rate of 1.98 degrees per 1000ft, and a sea level pressure of 1013mb with a lapse rate of 1mb per 30ft. Standard Temperature The temperature in the International Standard atmosphere for the associated level, and is 15 degrees Celsius at sea level decreased by two degrees every 1000ft. Pressure Altitude The altitude in the International Standard Atmosphere with a sea level pressure of 1013 and a standard reduction of 1mb per 30ft. Pressure Altitude would be observed with the altimeter subscale set to 1013. Density Altitude The altitude that the prevailing density would occur in the International Standard Atmosphere, and can be found by correcting Pressure Altitude for temperature deviations. Engine Terms BHP Brake Horse Power The power developed by the engine (actual power available will have some transmission losses). RPM Revolutions per Minute Engine drive and propeller speed. Static RPM The maximum RPM obtained during stationery full throttle operation Weight and Balance Terms Moment Arm The horizontal distance in inches from reference datum line to the centre of gravity of the item concerned, or from the datum to the item 'station'. by D. Bruckert & O. Roud © 2006 Page 8

CESSNA 172 TRAINING MANUAL C of G Centre of Gravity The point about which an aeroplane would balance if it were possible to suspend it at that point. It is the mass centre of the aeroplane, or the theoretical point at which entire weight of the aeroplane is assumed to be concentrated. It may be expressed in percent of MAC (mean aerodynamic chord) or in inches from the reference datum. Centre of Gravity Limit The specified forward and aft points beyond which the CG must not be located. Typically, the forward limit primarily effects the controllability of aircraft and aft limits stability of the aircraft. Datum (reference datum) An imaginary vertical plane or line from which all measurements of arm are taken. The datum is established by the manufacturer. Moment The product of the weight of an item multiplied by its arm and expressed in inch-pounds. The total moment is the weight of the aeroplane multiplied by distance between the datum and the CG. MZFW Maximum Zero Fuel Weight The maximum permissible weight to prevent exceeding the wing bending limits. This limit is not always applicable for aircraft with small fuel loads. BEW Basic Empty Weight The weight of an empty aeroplane, including permanently installed equipment, fixed ballast, full oil and unusable fuel, and is that specified on the aircraft mass and balance documentation for each individual aircraft. SEW Standard Empty Weight The basic empty weight of a standard aeroplane, specified in the POH, and is an average weight given for performance considerations and calculations. OEW Operating Empty Weight The weight of the aircraft with crew, unusable fuel, and operational items (galley etc.). Payload The weight the aircraft can carry with the pilot and fuel on board. MRW Maximum Ramp Weight The maximum weight for ramp manoeuvring, the maximum takeoff weight plus additional fuel for start taxi and runup. MTOW Maximum Takeoff Weight The maximum permissible takeoff weight and sometimes called the maximum all up weight, landing weight is normally lower as allows for burn off and carries shock loads on touchdown. MLW Maximum Landing Weight Maximum permissible weight for landing. Sometimes this is the same as the takeoff weight for smaller aircraft. by D. Bruckert & O. Roud © 2006 Page 9

CESSNA 172 TRAINING MANUAL Note: The correct technical is 'mass' instead of 'weight' in all of these terms, however in everyday language and in many aircraft operating manuals the term weight remains in common use. Used in this context there is no difference in meaning and the terms may be interchanged. Other AFM Aircraft Flight Manual These terms are inter-changeable and refer to the approved manufacturer's handbook. General Aviation manufacturers from 1976 began using the term 'Pilot's Operating Handbook', early manuals were called Owner's Manual and most legal texts use the term AFM. POH Pilot's Operating Handbook PIM Pilot Information Manual A Pilot Information Manual is a new term, coined to refer to a POH or AFM which is not issued to a specific aircraft. Useful Factors and Formulas Conversion Factors Lbs to kg 1kg =2.204lbs kgs to lbs 1lb = .454kgs USG to Lt 1USG = 3.785Lt lt to USG 1lt = 0.264USG Lt to Imp Gal 1lt = 0.22 Imp G Imp.Gal to lt 1Imp G = 4.55lt NM to KM 1nm = 1.852km km to nm 1km = 0.54nm NM to StM to ft 1nm = 1.15stm 1nm = 6080ft Stm to nm to ft 1 stm = 0.87nm 5280ft FT to Meters 1 FT = 0.3048 m meters to ft 1 m = 3.281 FT Inches to Cm 1 inch = 2.54cm cm to inches 1cm = 0.394” Hpa(mb) to “Hg 1mb = .029536” “ Hg to Hpa (mb) 1” = 33.8mb AVGAS FUEL Volume / Weight SG = 0.72 Litres Lt/kg kgs Litres lbs/lts Lbs 1.39 1 0.72 0.631 1 1.58 Crosswind Component per 10kts of Wind Deg 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Kts 2 3 5 6 8 9 9 10 by D. Bruckert & O. Roud © 2006 Page 10

CESSNA 172 Training Manual2011

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