Bridge Inspection, Maintenance, and Repair Manual
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ARMY TM 5-600
AIR FORCE AFJPAM 32-1088
BRIDGE INSPECTION,
MAINTENANCE, AND REPAIR
Approved For Public Release; Distribution Is Unlimited
DEPARTMENTS OF THE ARMY AND THE AIR FORCE
DECEMBER 1994
TM 5-600/AFJPAM 32-1088
REPRODUCTION AUTHORIZATION/RESTRICTIONS
This manual has been prepared by or for the Government and is
public property and not subject to copyright.
Reprints or republications of this manual should include a credit
substantially as follows: “Joint Departments of the Army and Air
Force, TM 5-600/AFJPAM 32-1088, Bridge Inspection, Maintenance,
and Repair.”
i
A
TM 5-600/AFJPAM 32-1088
TECHNICAL MANUAL HEADQUARTERS
No. 5-600 DEPARTMENTS OF THE ARMY
AIR FORCE JOINT PAMPHLET AND THE AIR FORCE
NO. 32-108 WASHINGTON, DC, 6 December 1994
BRIDGE INSPECTION, MAINTENANCE, AND REPAIR
Paragraph Page
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
Section I. GENERAL INFORMATION
Purpose ........................................................... 1-1 1-1
Scope ............................................................ 1-2 1-1
References ........................................................ 1-3 1-1
II. MAINTENANCE PLANNING
Programming and economic considerations .............................. 1-4 1-1
Elements of the maintenance program ................................... 1-5 1-1
III. FREQUENCY OF INSPECTION
Military requirements ................................................ 1-6 1-2
Factors of frequency ................................................. 1-7 1-2
IV. QUALIFICATIONS OF INSPECTION PERSONNEL
Army ............................................................. 1-8 1-2
Air Force .......................................................... 1-9 1-2
2. BRIDGE STRUCTURES
Definition ......................................................... 2-1 2-1
Classification ...................................................... 2-2 2-1
Typical bridges ..................................................... 2-3 2-1
Box culverts ....................................................... 2-4 2-1
Military bridges ..................................................... 2-5 2-1
3. BRIDGE ELEMENTS
I. SUBSTRUCTURE ELEMENTS
General ........................................................... 3-1 3-1
Abutments ........................................................ 3-2 3-1
Piers and bents ..................................................... 3-3 3-1
II. SUPERSTRUCTURES
General ........................................................... 3-4 3-1
Decks ............................................................ 3-5 3-2
Floor systems ...................................................... 3-6 3-2
Main supporting members ............................................ 3-7 3-2
Bracing ........................................................... 3-8 3-8
III. MISCELLANEOUS ELEMENTS
Bearings .......................................................... 3-9 3-12
Pin and hanger supports .............................................. 3-10 3-12
Expansion joints .................................................... 3-11 3-12
Approaches ........................................................ 3-12 3-12
Railings, sidewalks, and curbs ......................................... 3-13 3-14
Deck drains ........................................................ 3-14 3-14
Utilities ........................................................... 3-15 3-14
Lighting .......................................................... 3-16 3-15
Dolphins and fenders ................................................ 3-17 3-15
Welds, bolts, and rivets ............................................... 3-18 3-16
4. MECHANICS OF BRIDGES
General ........................................................... 4-1 4-1
Bridge forces ....................................................... 4-2 4-1
Stress ............................................................. 4-3 4-1
5. BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
I. CONCRETE
General ........................................................... 5-1 5-1
Physical and mechanical properties ..................................... 5-2 5-1
Indication and classification of deterioration .............................. 5-3 5-1
Causes of deterioration ............................................... 5-4 5-4
Assessment of concrete .............................................. 5-5 5-8
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED
TM 5-600/AFJPAM 32-1088
ii
Paragraph Page
Section II. STRUCTURAL STEEL
Physical and mechanical properties ..................................... 5-6 5-11
Indicators and classification of deterioration .............................. 5-7 5-11
Causes of deterioration ............................................... 5-8 5-12
Assessment of deterioration ........................................... 5-9 5-13
III. TIMBER
Physical and mechanical properties ..................................... 5-10 5-13
Deterioration: indicators and causes ..................................... 5-11 5-14
Assessment of deterioration ........................................... 5-12 5-16
IV. WROUGHT AND CAST IRON
General ........................................................... 5-13 5-17
Physical and mechanical properties ..................................... 5-14 5-17
Deterioration: indicators and causes ..................................... 5-15 5-18
V. STONE MASONRY
General ........................................................... 5-16 5-18
Physical and mechanical properties ..................................... 5-17 5-18
Indicators of deterioration ............................................. 5-18 5-18
Causes of deterioration ............................................... 5-19 5-18
VI. ALUMINUM
General ........................................................... 5-20 5-18
Deterioration: indicators and causes ..................................... 5-21 5-18
VII. FOUNDATION SOILS
General ........................................................... 5-22 5-19
Types of movement ................................................. 5-23 5-19
Effects on structures ................................................. 5-24 5-19
Indicators of movement .............................................. 5-25 5-20
Causes of foundation movements ...................................... 5-26 5-22
VIII. WATERWAYS
General ........................................................... 5-27 5-25
Types of movement and effects on waterways ............................ 5-28 5-25
CHAPTER 6. BRIDGE REDUNDANCY AND FRACTURE CRITICAL MEMBERS (FCMs)
I. GENERAL
Introduction ....................................................... 6-1 6-1
Fracture critical members ............................................. 6-2 6-1
Redundancy ....................................................... 6-3 6-1
Criticality of FCMs .................................................. 6-4 6-1
II. EXAMPLES
Two-girder system (or single-box girder) ................................. 6-5 6-3
Two-truss system ................................................... 6-6 6-4
Cross girders and pier caps ............................................ 6-7 6-5
Supports and suspended spans ......................................... 6-8 6-5
7. INSPECTION CONSIDERATIONS
I. TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
Basic ............................................................. 7-1 7-1
Concrete inspection ................................................. 7-2 7-1
Steel inspection ..................................................... 7-3 7-1
Timber inspection ................................................... 7-4 7-1
Cast iron, wrought iron, and aluminum inspection ......................... 7-5 7-1
Special equipment .................................................. 7-6 7-2
II. SAFETY
General ........................................................... 7-7 7-2
Bridge site organization .............................................. 7-8 7-2
Personal protection .................................................. 7-9 7-2
Special safety equipment ............................................. 7-10 7-2
Climbing of high steel ............................................... 7-11 7-2
Confined spaces .................................................... 7-12 7-3
III. DOCUMENTATION OF THE BRIDGE INSPECTION
General ........................................................... 7-13 7-4
Planning and documenting the inspection ................................ 7-14 7-4
Structure evaluation ................................................. 7-15 7-4
IV. INSPECTION PROCEDURE
General ........................................................... 7-16 7-5
Inspection sequence ................................................. 7-17 7-5
TM 5-600/AFJPAM 32-1088
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Paragraph Page
CHAPTER 8. BRIDGE COMPONENT INSPECTION
Section I. SUBSTRUCTURES
General ........................................................... 8-1 8-1
Abutments ........................................................ 8-2 8-1
Retaining walls ..................................................... 8-3 8-1
Piers and bents ..................................................... 8-4 8-1
Pile bents .......................................................... 8-5 8-4
Dolphins and fenders ................................................ 8-6 8-4
II. SUPERSTRUCTURES
Concrete beams and girders ........................................... 8-7 8-5
Steel beams and girders .............................................. 8-8 8-6
Pin and hanger connections ........................................... 8-9 8-8
Floor systems ...................................................... 8-10 8-12
Diaphragms and cross frames ......................................... 8-11 8-13
Trusses ........................................................... 8-12 8-13
Lateral bracing portals and sway frames ................................. 8-13 8-16
Tied arches ........................................................ 8-14 8-16
Metal bearings ..................................................... 8-15 8-17
Elastomeric bearings ................................................. 8-16 8-18
Decks ............................................................ 8-17 8-18
Expansion joints .................................................... 8-18 8-20
Railings, sidewalks, and curbs ......................................... 8-19 8-21
Approaches ........................................................ 8-20 8-22
Bridge drainage ..................................................... 8-21 8-22
III. MISCELLANEOUS INSPECTION ITEMS
Waterways ........................................................ 8-22 8-23
Paint ............................................................. 8-23 8-24
Signing ........................................................... 8-24 8-24
Utilities ........................................................... 8-25 8-26
Lighting .......................................................... 8-26 8-27
IV. INSPECTION OF RAILROAD BRIDGES
General ........................................................... 8-27 8-28
Railroad deck types .................................................. 8-28 8-28
Track inspection .................................................... 8-29 8-28
Deck inspection .................................................... 8-30 8-28
Superstructure inspection ............................................. 8-31 8-30
Substructure inspection .............................................. 8-32 8-31
Recommended practices .............................................. 8-33 8-31
V. BOX CULVERTS
Types of distress .................................................... 8-34 8-31
Inspection ......................................................... 8-35 8-32
9. FINAL DOCUMENTATION
Annual (Army) and biannual (Air Force) inspection documentation ........... 9-1 9-1
Triennial (Army) and every third biannual (Air Force) bridge inspection
documentation .................................................... 9-2 9-1
10. GENERAL PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE, REPAIR, AND UPGRADE
I. INTRODUCTION
General ........................................................... 10-1 10-1
Preventive maintenance .............................................. 10-2 10-1
Replacement ....................................................... 10-3 10-1
Repair ............................................................ 10-4 10-1
Bridge upgrade ..................................................... 10-5 10-2
II. COMMON MAINTENANCE TASKS
General ........................................................... 10-6 10-2
Cleaning deck drains ................................................ 10-7 10-2
Ice and snow removal ................................................ 10-8 10-2
Bank restoration .................................................... 10-9 10-2
Traffic control items ................................................. 10-10 10-2
Bearings and rollers ................................................. 10-11 10-3
Debris and removal .................................................. 10-12 10-3
Bridge joint systems ................................................. 10-13 10-3
Scour protection .................................................... 10-14 10-4
III. COMMON REPAIR TASKS
General ........................................................... 10-15 104
TM 5-600/AFJPAM 32-1088
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Paragraph Page
Abutment stability ................................................... 10-16 10-5
Drift and floating ice ................................................. 10-17 10-5
Scour ............................................................. 10-18 10-6
Settlement ......................................................... 10-19 10-7
Waterway ......................................................... 10-20 10-9
Section IV. COMMON METHODS TO UPGRADE EXISTING BRIDGES
General ........................................................... 10-21 10-9
Shortened span lengths ............................................... 10-22 10-9
Add stringers ....................................................... 10-23 10-10
Strengthen piers .................................................... 10-24 10-10
Reduce deadload .................................................... 10-25 10-10
Posttensioned bridge components ...................................... 10-26 10-10
Strengthen individual members ........................................ 10-27 10-10
CHAPTER 11. STEEL BRIDGE MAINTENANCE, REPAIR, AND UPGRADE
I. PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE FOR CORROSION
General ........................................................... 11-1 11-1
Structural steel ..................................................... 11-2 11-1
II. REPAIR AND STRENGTHEN
General ........................................................... 11-3 11-1
Connections ....................................................... 11-4 11-3
Repair of structural members .......................................... 11-5 11-4
III. MEMBER REPLACEMENT
Tension members ................................................... 11-6 11-10
Compression members/columns ....................................... 11-7 11-10
Beams ............................................................ 11-8 11-10
IV. UPGRADE STEEL BRIDGES
Creation of a composite action ......................................... 11-9 11-11
Posttensioning ..................................................... 11-10 11-11
Truss systems ...................................................... 11-11 11-12
12. TIMBER BRIDGE MAINTENANCE, REPAIR, AND UPGRADE
I. PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
General ........................................................... 12-1 12-1
Fire protection ...................................................... 12-2 12-3
II. REPAIR AND STRENGTHEN TIMBER MEMBERS
General ........................................................... 12-3 12-3
Connections ....................................................... 12-4 12-3
Repair of graded lumber .............................................. 12-5 12-4
Repair of piles ...................................................... 12-6 12-5
Repair of posts ..................................................... 12-7 12-7
Repair of sway bracing ............................................... 12-8 12-7
III. MEMBER REPLACEMENT
Replacement of tension timber components .............................. 12-9 12-8
Replacement of compression timber components .......................... 12-10 12-8
Replacement of flexural timber components (stringers) ..................... 12-11 12-9
Replacement of timber decking ........................................ 12-12 12-10
IV. TIMBER BRIDGE UPGRADE
Strengthen intermediate supports (piers) ................................. 12-13 12-11
Shorten span length ................................................. 12-14 12-11
Posttensioning ..................................................... 12-15 12-12
Add stringers ....................................................... 12-16 12-12
Strengthen individual members ........................................ 12-17 12-13
13. CONCRETE BRIDGE MAINTENANCE, REPAIR, AND UPGRADE
I. PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
General ........................................................... 13-1 13-1
Surface coating ..................................................... 13-2 13-1
Joint maintenance ................................................... 13-3 13-1
Cathodic protection ................................................. 13-4 13-2
II. REPAIR AND STRENGTHEN
General ........................................................... 13-5 13-2
Crack repairs ....................................................... 13-6 13-3
Spall repair ........................................................ 13-7 13-6
Joint repair ........................................................ 13-8 13-7
Abutments and wingwalls ............................................ 13-9 13-9
Bridge seats ........................................................ 13-10 13-9
TM 5-600/AFJPAM 32-1088
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Paragraph Page
Columns and piles .................................................. 13-11 13-10
Stringers and beams ................................................. 13-12 13-11
Decks ............................................................ 13-13 13-11
Replacement of concrete members ..................................... 13-14 13-15
Section III. UPGRADE CONCRETE BRIDGES
General upgrade methods ............................................. 13-15 13-15
Strengthen individual members ........................................ 13-16 13-16
Prestressed concrete members ......................................... 13-17 13-18
APPENDIX A. REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY A-1
B. SUGGESTED ITEMS FOR ARMY ANNUAL AND AIR FORCE BIANNUAL BRIDGE
INSPECTIONS B-1
C. SUGGESTED ITEMS FOR ARMY TRIENNIAL AND EVERY THIRD AIR FORCE BIANNUAL
BRIDGE INSPECTIONS C-1
List of Figures
Figure 2-1. Structural framing system ......................................................... 2-3
2-2. Truss bridges: steel or timber construction ............................................ 2-4
2-3. Steel bridges .................................................................... 2-5
2-4. Reinforced concrete bridges ........................................................ 2-6
2-5. Timber bridges .................................................................. 2-7
2-6. Bailey bridge using bailey panel piers ................................................ 2-7
2-7. Double-double bailey bridge ........................................................ 2-8
2-8. T6 aluminum fixed bridge ......................................................... 2-9
2-9. Class 50 M-4 trestle bridge, aluminum ............................................... 2-10
2-10. Timber trestle ................................................................... 2-11
3-1. Bridge nomenclature ............................................................. 3-2
3-2. Typical abutments ............................................................... 3-3
3-3. Typical piers and bents ............................................................ 3-4
3-4. Typical superstructures ............................................................ 3-5
3-5. Typical floor systems ............................................................. 3-7
3-6. Rolled steel beams ............................................................... 3-8
3-7. Plate girders .................................................................... 3-9
3-8. Truss components ............................................................... 3-9
3-9. Bracing ........................................................................ 3-12
3-10. Metal bearing types ............................................................... 3-13
3-11. Metal bearings .................................................................. 3-13
3-12. Elastomeric bearings .............................................................. 3-14
3-13. Bearing support for a suspended span ................................................ 3-14
3-14. Pin and hanger connection ......................................................... 3-15
3-15. Free pin and hanger connection ..................................................... 3-16
3-16. Fixed pin and hanger connection .................................................... 3-17
3-17. Expansion joints ................................................................. 3-17
3-18. Timber pile cluster dolphins and timber fenders ........................................ 3-18
3-19. Timber bent fenders .............................................................. 3-18
3-20. Basic weld types ................................................................. 3-18
4-1. Dead load on simple span .......................................................... 4-2
4-2. Live load on simple span .......................................................... 4-2
4-3. Earth pressure ................................................................... 4-2
4-4. Bouyancy on pier ................................................................ 4-2
4-5. Lateral wind load (end view) ....................................................... 4-2
4-6. Longitudinal force due to friction and live load ......................................... 4-2
4-7. Forces due to temperature rise ...................................................... 4-2
4-8. Earthquake forces (may be in any direction) ........................................... 4-2
4-9. Ice pressure and stream flow against pier .............................................. 4-2
4-10. Forces on a member .............................................................. 4-2
4-11. Axial forces and stress ............................................................ 4-3
4-12. Truss vertical in tension ........................................................... 4-3
4-13. Compression .................................................................... 4-3
4-14. Shear forces .................................................................... 4-3
4-15. Shear .......................................................................... 4-3
4-16. Bending stress in a beam .......................................................... 4-4
4-17. Simple beam bending moment and shear ............................................. 4-4
5-1. Pattern or map cracking on a pier .................................................... 4-5
TM 5-600/AFJPAM 32-1088
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Figure 5-2. D-Cracking on a deck ............................................................. 5-2
5-3. Nomenclature for individual cracks .................................................. 5-2
5-4. Light scale ...................................................................... 5-3
5-5. Medium scale ................................................................... 5-3
5-6. Heavy scale ..................................................................... 5-4
5-7. Small spall ...................................................................... 5-4
5-8. Large spall ...................................................................... 5-5
5-9. Popouts ........................................................................ 5-5
5-10. Spall due to reinforcement corrosion ................................................. 5-5
5-11. Joint spall ...................................................................... 5-6
5-12. Rust stained crack in steel girder .................................................... 5-12
5-13. Buckled flange due to collision ..................................................... 5-12
5-14. Advanced wood decay in crosstie .................................................... 5-14
5-15. Advanced wood decay in bent cap ................................................... 5-15
5-16. Slight and advanced wear on a timber deck ............................................ 5-16
5-17. Buckled timber pile due to overload .................................................. 5-16
5-18. Longitudinal cracks in timber beam due to overload ..................................... 5-17
5-19. Differential settlement under an abutment ............................................. 5-20
5-20. Differential settlement ............................................................ 5-20
5-21. Differential pier movement causing superstructure movement ............................. 5-21
5-22. Movement due to scour ........................................................... 5-21
5-23. Abutment failure from scour ....................................................... 5-22
5-24. Causes of foundation movement .................................................... 5-23
5-25. Embankment erosion due to improper drainage ........................................ 5-24
5-26. Typical flow characteristics through a bridge .......................................... 5-25
5-27. General scour ................................................................... 5-26
5-28. Localized scour .................................................................. 5-26
5-29. Sediment deposits ................................................................ 5-26
5-30. Pier scour ...................................................................... 5-26
5-31. Loose riprap .................................................................... 5-26
5-32. Lined banks .................................................................... 5-26
5-33. Channel constrictions ............................................................. 5-27
5-34. Flooding ....................................................................... 5-27
5-35. Protruding abutments ............................................................. 5-27
5-36. Debris problems ................................................................. 5-27
5-37. Bridge in a river bend ............................................................. 5-27
5-38. Concrete slope protection .......................................................... 5-28
5-39. Riprap slope protection ............................................................ 5-29
5-40. Channel change ................................................................. 5-29
5-41. Material removal ................................................................. 5-29
5-42. Obstruction removal .............................................................. 5-30
6-1. Nonload path redundant bridges .................................................... 6-2
6-2. Load path redundant bridges ....................................................... 6-2
6-3. Examples of details in table 6-1 ..................................................... 6-3
6-4. Portions of a girder in tension ...................................................... 6-6
6-5. Steel cross girder on concrete piers .................................................. 6-6
8-1. Abutment checklist items .......................................................... 8-2
8-2. Concrete pier and bent checklist items ................................................ 8-2
8-3. Pier cap disintegration due to roadway drainage ........................................ 8-2
8-4. Steel rocker bent ................................................................. 8-3
8-5. Timber bent checklist items ........................................................ 8-4
8-6. Deteriorated timber dolphins ....................................................... 8-5
8-7. Concrete beam checklist ........................................................... 8-5
8-8. Shiplapped cantilever joint ......................................................... 8-6
8-9. Steel girder checklist items ......................................................... 8-7
8-10. Floorbeam connection plates ....................................................... 8-8
8-11. Cracks in ends of cover plates ...................................................... 8-9
8-12. Intermittent welds ................................................................ 8-9
8-13. Insert plates in haunched girders .................................................... 8-9
8-14. Attachments .................................................................... 8-9
8-15. Intersecting welds ................................................................ 8-11
8-16. Flange and web attachments ....................................................... 8-11
8-17. Copes and reentrant corners ........................................................ 8-12
8-18. Boxbeam to column connections .................................................... 8-12
8-19. Cracks near shear studs ........................................................... 8-12
TM 5-600/AFJPAM 32-1088
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Figure 8-20. Steel floorbeam checklist items ..................................................... 8-13
8-21. Clip angle stringer connection ...................................................... 8-13
8-22. Diaphragm checklist items ......................................................... 8-13
8-23. Lower chord of a riveted truss ...................................................... 8-14
8-24. Broken eyebar ................................................................... 8-15
8-25. Worn counters due to rubbing ...................................................... 8-16
8-26. Metal bearing checklist items ....................................................... 8-17
8-27. Elastomeric pad checklist items ..................................................... 8-18
8-28. Efflorescence on the underside of a concrete deck ...................................... 8-19
8-29. Rusted stay-in-place forms underneath a concrete deck .................................. 8-19
8-30. Expansion joint checklist items ..................................................... 8-20
8-31. Unprotected parapet end of a bridge ................................................. 8-21
8-32. Debris accumulation on bridge deck indicating drainage problems ......................... 8-23
8-33. Typical military load-class signs ..................................................... 8-24
8-34. Typical telltale indicating overhead clearance of bridge .................................. 8-25
8-35. Appropriate markings for clearance on civilian bridges ................................... 8-26
8-36. Examples of good and defective cross-ties ............................................. 8-29
8-37. Required tie support at track joints ................................................... 8-30
10-1. Examples of closed joints .......................................................... 10-4
10-2. Abutment held in place with a deadman .............................................. 10-5
10-3. Typical use of dolphins ............................................................ 10-6
10-4. Forming a footing with a tremie encasement ........................................... 10-7
10-5. Alternate methods for confining grout under footings .................................... 10-7
10-6. Use of crushed or structural fill to repair scour damage .................................. 10-8
10-7. Repair of scour around concrete abutments ............................................ 10-8
10-8. Bank repair using riprap ........................................................... 10-8
10-9. Concrete bank protector extension ................................................... 10-8
10-10. Settlement repair of a concrete wall pier .............................................. 10-9
10-11. Expedient methods of span length reduction ........................................... 10-10
11-1. Anodes placed on steel H piles for corrosion protection .................................. 11-2
11-2. Local buckling under compression ................................................... 11-3
11-3. Repairing tie rods with splices or turnbuckles .......................................... 11-4
11-4. Strengthening pin connections using a supplementary eye ................................ 11-5
11-5. Use of cover plates on rolled steel sections ............................................ 11-7
11-6. Iowa DOT method of adding angles to steel 1-beams .................................... 11-7
11-7. Integral pile jacket for steel piles .................................................... 11-8
11-8. Details of double-nutted bolt shear connector .......................................... 11-10
11-9. Method for relieving stress in tension members ........................................ 11-10
11-10. Replacement of a steel beam in a composite section ..................................... 11-11
11-11. Precast deck with holes ........................................................... 11-11
11-12. Design of posttensioning .......................................................... 11-12
11-13. Adding supplementary members to a truss frame ....................................... 11-13
11-14. Arch superposition scheme ........................................................ 11-13
11-15. Reinforcing a pony truss with Bailey trusses ........................................... 11-13
12-1. Protective covers for timber members ................................................ 12-2
12-2. Flexible PVC barrier installed on a timber pile ......................................... 12-2
12-3. Common deck connectors ......................................................... 12-4
12-4. Repair of cracked or split stringers ................................................... 12-5
12-5. Timber cap scabs provide additional bearing ........................................... 12-5
12-6. Stringer splice ................................................................... 12-6
12-7. Timber pile repair ................................................................ 12-7
12-8. Concrete jacket supporting a timber pile splice ......................................... 12-7
12-9. Shimming timber piles ............................................................ 12-8
12-10. Fender pile repair ................................................................ 12-8
12-11. Jacking methods for timber cap replacement ........................................... 12-9
12-12. Pile replacement methods .......................................................... 12-9
12-13. Below-deck timber stringer replacement .............................................. 12-10
12-14. Splicing in a wheel curb ........................................................... 12-11
12-15. Diagrams of an intermediate helper bent .............................................. 12-12
12-16. Timber beam strengthened using king post posttensioning ................................ 12-12
12-17. Steel cover plates used to reinforce a timber beam ...................................... 12-13
13-1. Cathodic protection for reinforced concrete piles ....................................... 13-2
13-2. Reinforcing bars inserted 90 degrees to the crack plane .................................. 13-3
13-3. Crack repair by drilling and plugging ................................................. 13-4
13-4. Epoxy injection used to seal cracks .................................................. 13-4
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Figure 13-5. Flexible seals used in concrete crack repair ............................................ 13-5
13-6. Conventional procedure for sealing dormant cracks ..................................... 13-5
13-7. Reinforcement of a crack using stitching .............................................. 13-6
13-8. Expansion joint repair with elastomeric seals .......................................... 13-7
13-9. Placing an elastomeric seal in an asphalt overlay ........................................ 13-8
13-10. Expansion dam repairs ............................................................ 13-9
13-11. Repair of abutment and wingwall faces using a jacket ................................... 13-9
13-12. Repair of broken or deteriorated wingwalls ............................................ 13-10
13-13. Typical repair of concrete bridge seats ................................................ 13-11
13-14. Concrete cap extension to increase bearing surfaces ..................................... 13-12
13-15. Typical beam saddle design using standard steel W-sections .............................. 13-12
13-16. Standard concrete pile jacket with steel reinforcing cage ................................. 13-13
13-17. External prestressing strands used to close a crack ...................................... 13-13
13-18. Closing a crack in a deck using prestressing steel ....................................... 13-15
13-19. Jacketing of concrete columns ...................................................... 13-16
13-20. External shear reinforcement for concrete beams ....................................... 13-16
13-21. Reinforcing boxbeams for shear .................................................... 13-17
13-22. Web reinforcement of boxbeams .................................................... 13-17
13-23. Steel channel used to reinforce beams ................................................ 13-17
13-24. Concrete beams reinforced with concrete sleeves ....................................... 13-18
List of Tables
Table 5-1. Relation of symptoms to causes of distress and deterioration of concrete ..................... 5-6
5-2. Test methods for concrete ......................................................... 5-9
6-1. Classification of types of details ..................................................... 6-4
8-1. Expansion joint data .............................................................. 8-20
8-2. Minimum overhead clearances for bridges ............................................ 8-25
8-3. Minimum lane widths for bridges ................................................... 8-26
8-4. Operating restrictions ............................................................. 8-30
10-1. Chemical application rates ......................................................... 10-3
10-2. Lightweight decks ............................................................... 10-11
10-3. Bridge posttensioning configurations ................................................. 10-12
11-1. Built-up members ................................................................ 11-9
13-1. Elastomeric seal size guidelines ..................................................... 13-7
13-2. Bridge deck restoration procedures .................................................. 13-14
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This manual serves as a comprehensive guide for the inspection, maintenance, and repair of bridges. It is an invaluable resource for planning, estimating, and executing maintenance and repair tasks, making it suitable for both professional mechanics and DIY repair enthusiasts.
- Introduction
- Bridge Structures
- Bridge Elements
- Mechanics of Bridges
- Bridge Construction Materials
- Bridge Redundancy and Fracture Critical Members
- Inspection Considerations
- Bridge Component Inspection
- Final Documentation
- General Preventive Maintenance, Repair, and Upgrade
- Steel Bridge Maintenance, Repair, and Upgrade
- Timber Bridge Maintenance, Repair, and Upgrade
- Concrete Bridge Maintenance, Repair, and Upgrade
- Appendix
- List of Figures
- List of Tables
This extensive 186-page manual is presented in a clear format with detailed illustrations designed to enhance the user experience. It enables users to efficiently navigate and reference essential information while working on bridge repair and maintenance projects.
