1994 Mercury Cougar Service & Repair Manual

E - THEORY/OPERATION - 4.6L 1996 ENGINE PERFORMANCE Ford Motor Co. - Theory & Operation - EEC-V INTRODUCTION This article covers basic description and operation of engine performance-related systems and components. Read this article before diagnosing vehicles or systems with which you are not completely familiar. COMPUTERIZED ENGINE CONTROLS CONTROLS Powertrain Control Module (PCM) PCM monitors engine operating conditions by input received from engine sensors. Control of output actuators determines fuel mixture and idle speed. PCM is located behind right kick panel. The engine control system consists of the PCM, relays, modules, sensors, switches and actuators. The PCM sends out electrical reference signals to engine sensors and then analyzes the return signals. The engine sensors supply the PCM with specific information, in the form of electrical signals, to determine engine operating conditions. In the event of a sensor or actuator failure, the PCM initiates an alternative strategy called Failure Mode Effects Management (FMEM) to allow the vehicle to maintain driveability. In the event of PCM failure, Hardware Limited Operation Strategy (HLOS) will be activated. HLOS is a system of alternate circuitry that provides minimal engine operation if the PCM fails. During HLOS, all self-test function will stop and system will be controlled by electronic hardware. Malfunction Indicator Light (MIL) will remain on whenever FMEM or HLOS is in operation. FMEM and HLOS substitute a fixed signal and continue to monitor system failure. If signal(s) return to within operating limits, PCM will resume normal operation. Constant Control Relay Module (CCRM) CCRM interfaces with the PCM to control cooling fan, A/C clutch and fuel pump operation. The CCRM also incorporates electronic engine control power relay to supply power to the EEC-V system. Fuel Pump Driver Module (FPDM) FPDM interfaces with the PCM to control fuel pump operation. By controlling fuel pump operation, noise and the amount of hot fuel returned to the fuel tank is minimized. If FPDM or system fail self-test, DTC P1230, P1233, P1234, P1235 P1236, P1237 or P1238 may be set in PCM memory. NOTE: Components are grouped into 2 categories. The first category covers INPUT DEVICES, which control or produce voltage signals monitored by the control unit. The second category covers OUTPUT SIGNALS , covering components controlled by the PCM. 1996 Ford Thunderbird LX E - THEORY/OPERATION - 4.6L 1996 ENGINE PERFORMANCE Ford Motor Co. - Theory & Operation - EEC-V 1996 Ford Thunderbird LX E - THEORY/OPERATION - 4.6L 1996 ENGINE PERFORMANCE Ford Motor Co. - Theory & Operation - EEC-V

INPUT DEVICES Vehicles are equipped with different combinations of input devices. Not all devices are used on all models. To determine the input device used on a specific model, see wiring diagram in the WIRING DIAGRAMS article. The available input signals include the following: Brake On/Off (BOO) Switch BOO switch is wired to brakelight circuit. It signals the PCM when the brake is applied. The BOO input is used to adjust engine idle when A/C is in use and to control torque converter clutch lock/unlock strategy. Camshaft Position (CMP) Sensor EEC-V uses 2 types of CMP sensors. A variable reluctance sensor is used. CMP sensor is used to determine the position of the camshaft and to identify when piston No. 1 is at TDC of compression stroke. CMP sensor provides cylinder identification information during engine start-up for PCM to initiate correct firing order. Cylinder identification information signal is sent from CMP sensor to PCM through CID circuit. Clutch Pedal Position (CPP) Switch CPP switch is mounted near clutch pedal. CPP indicates clutch pedal position by means of an on/off switch signal. This signal is used by PCM to determine clutch pedal position and on some models, gear shift selector position. Coolant Temperature Sensor See ENGINE COOLANT TEMPERATURE (ECT) SENSOR (Below). Crankshaft Position (CKP) Sensor CKP sensor is a Hall Effect magnetic switch. The Hall Effect switch is activated by vanes on the crankshaft damper and pulley assembly. The Profile Ignition Pick-Up (PIP) is a crankshaft position signal that is sent to the PCM. The PIP signal generated by the Hall Effect sensor provides base timing and RPM information to the PCM. Cylinder Head Temperature (CHT) Sensor CHT sensor is the input signal used for the cooling system failsafe strategy. CHT sensor signals PCM to activate failsafe strategy if cylinder head temperature exceeds pre-programmed conditions. If CHT sensor or system fail self-test, DTC P1288, P1289, P1290 or P1299 may set in PCM memory. Data Link Connector (DLC) The 16-pin Data Link Connector (DLC) is used to perform the Quick Test diagnostic procedure. When scan tool connected to DLC, fault code output function can be activated. Differential Pressure Feedback EGR (DPFE) Sensor 1996 Ford Thunderbird LX E - THEORY/OPERATION - 4.6L 1996 ENGINE PERFORMANCE Ford Motor Co. - Theory & Operation - EEC-V

See EGR SYSTEM under EMISSION SYSTEMS. Electronic Vacuum Regulator (EVR) Solenoid See EGR SYSTEM under EMISSION SYSTEMS. Engine Coolant Temperature (ECT) Sensor ECT sensor is a thermistor device which changes resistance proportionate to temperature changes. ECT sensor inputs coolant temperature to the PCM. ECT sensor is threaded into heater outlet fitting or coolant passage. Engine RPM/Vehicle Speed Limiter System The engine RPM/vehicle speed limiter system is integrated into PCM. The purpose of this system is to prevent damage to the powertrain in overspeed conditions. Whenever engine RPM or vehicle speed is detected, PCM will disable some or all of the fuel injectors. This will cause engine to run rough and DTC P1270 will set in PCM memory. When overspeed condition has been discontinued, normal engine operating conditions will be restored. Fan Monitor (FANM) FANM circuit is spliced into the Power-To-Low Speed Fan circuit. PCM monitors FANM circuit for diagnostic purposes. When cooling fan(s) is off, FANM circuit voltage is pulled low by path to ground through cooling fan. With FANM circuit voltage low, PCM can verify FANM circuit and Power-To-Low Speed Fan circuit are complete from FANM splice through cooling fan to ground. This also confirms that circuits are not shorted to power. When fan is on, voltage is supplied from CCRM to the appropriate Power-To-Fan and FANM circuit. With cooling fan on and FANM circuit high, PCM can verify fan control relay contacts in the CCRM are closed and that battery voltage is being supplied to the CCRM for the LFC and HFC relays. See CCRM circuit schematic in CIRCUIT TEST X in the TESTS W/CODES article for more information. Fuel Pump Monitor (FPM) FPM circuit is spliced into the Power-To-Pump circuit and used by the PCM for diagnostic purposes. The PCM sources a low current voltage down the FPM circuit. With the fuel pump off, voltage is pulled low by the path to ground through the fuel pump. With the fuel pump off and the FPM circuit low, the PCM can verify that FPM and, circuit and Power-To-Pump circuit are complete from the FPM splice through the fuel pump to ground. With the fuel pump on, voltage is supplied from the CCRM to the Power-To-Pump and FPM circuits. With the fuel pump on and FPM circuit high, PCM can verify that Power-To-Pump circuit from CCRM to FPM splice is complete. It can also verify that fuel pump relay contacts are closed and battery voltage is supplied to CCRM for the relay. See CCRM circuit schematic in CIRCUIT TEST X in the TESTS W/CODES article for more 1996 Ford Thunderbird LX E - THEORY/OPERATION - 4.6L 1996 ENGINE PERFORMANCE Ford Motor Co. - Theory & Operation - EEC-V

information. Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) The heated oxygen sensors are mounted in the exhaust manifold and pipe. See Fig. 1 . HO2S sensor uses a built-in heating circuit. The heating circuit is used to bring the HO2S sensor up to operating temperature, enabling faster conversion to closed-loop operation. HO2S monitors oxygen content of exhaust gases. When HO2S is at operating temperature, a voltage signal is produced, which varies according to oxygen content of exhaust gases. Signal is transmitted to the PCM and is translated into a rich or lean mixture signal. Fig. 1: Locating HO2S Courtesy of FORD MOTOR CO. Mass Airflow (MAF) Sensor MAF sensor uses a hot wire sensing element to measure amount of air entering the engine. Air passing over the hot wire causes it to cool. The hot wire is maintained at 392°F (200°C) above ambient temperature, as measure by a constant cold wire. See Fig. 2 . The current required to maintain hot wire operating temperature is proportional to the intake air mass. The PCM calculates the fuel injector pulse width in order to provide the desired air/fuel ratio. 1996 Ford Thunderbird LX E - THEORY/OPERATION - 4.6L 1996 ENGINE PERFORMANCE Ford Motor Co. - Theory & Operation - EEC-V

Fig. 2: Cross - Sectional View Of MAF Sensor Courtesy of FORD MOTOR CO. Octane Adjust Shorting Bar The octane adjust shorting bar is used to retard spark. A diagnostic trouble code will set if Octane Adjust Shorting Bar is removed or, if an open circuit is present. Output Shaft Speed (OSS) Sensor The OSS sensor is a magnetic pick-up that sends a voltage signal to the PCM. This signal tells the PCM transmission output shaft speed. Voltage is also used for shift schedules, modulated converter clutch control, and determining EPC pressure. OSS sensor is located on the rear of transmission case, on driver's side of vehicle. Control functions associated with OSS sensor are limiting vehicle speed, converter clutch control and shift quality. Park/Neutral Position (PNP) Switch PNP switch is mounted on transmission selector lever. PNP indicates shift lever position by means of a variable resistance signal. This signal is used by PCM to determine gear shift selector position. Throttle Position (TP) Sensor 1996 Ford Thunderbird LX E - THEORY/OPERATION - 4.6L 1996 ENGINE PERFORMANCE Ford Motor Co. - Theory & Operation - EEC-V

TP sensor is a rotary potentiometer. TP sensor monitors throttle plate opening. Its signal to the PCM is proportional to throttle plate opening angle and rate of angle change. The TP sensor signal affects air/fuel ratio, injector timing, idle speed, EGR flow and ignition timing. The TP sensor is mounted on throttle body, at throttle plate rod. Transmission Control Switch (TCS) TCS position is controlled by vehicle operator. When equipped, the Transmission Control Indicator Light (TCIL) will come on when the TCS is cycled to disengage overdrive. Transmission Fluid Temperature (TFT) Sensor TFT sensor is a thermistor that changes resistance as transmission fluid temperature changes. Sensor resistance decreases as fluid temperature increases. Sensor resistance variation is converted into a voltage signal and sent to the PCM. The PCM uses this input signal to determine transmission fluid temperature. Vehicle Speed Sensor (VSS) VSS is a variable reluctance sensor that generates a waveform with a frequency that is proportional to vehicle speed. When vehicle is moving slowly, sensor produces a low frequency signal. As vehicle speed increases, sensor produces a higher frequency signal. The PCM uses this signal to control fuel injection, ignition timing and transmission shift points. OUTPUT SIGNALS A/C Cycle Switch (ACCS) See MISCELLANEOUS CONTROLS . A/C Pressure Switch (ACPSW) See MISCELLANEOUS CONTROLS . By-Pass Air (BPA) Valve See IDLE SPEED under FUEL SYSTEM. Canister Purge Valve See FUEL EVAPORATIVE SYSTEM under EMISSION SYSTEMS. Canister Purge Solenoid Valve See FUEL EVAPORATIVE SYSTEM under EMISSION SYSTEMS. NOTE: Vehicles are equipped with different combinations of computer-controlled components. Not all components listed below are used on every vehicle. For theory and operation on each output component, refer to system indicated after component. 1996 Ford Thunderbird LX E - THEORY/OPERATION - 4.6L 1996 ENGINE PERFORMANCE Ford Motor Co. - Theory & Operation - EEC-V

EGR System See EGR SYSTEM under EMISSION SYSTEMS. Fuel Injectors See FUEL CONTROL under FUEL SYSTEM. Fuel Pump See FUEL DELIVERY under FUEL SYSTEM. Fuel Pressure Regulator See FUEL DELIVERY under FUEL SYSTEM. Idle Air Control (IAC) Solenoid See IDLE SPEED under FUEL SYSTEM. Inertia Fuel Shutoff (IFS) Switch See FUEL DELIVERY under FUEL SYSTEM. Malfunction Indicator Light See SELF - DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM . Transmission Solenoids See MISCELLANEOUS CONTROLS . FUEL SYSTEM FUEL DELIVERY Fuel Pump Fuel is supplied by an in-tank electric fuel pump. Pump also has a discharge check valve to maintain system pressure during shutdowns and to minimize starting problems. See Fig. 3 . Pump delivers fuel from fuel tank through fuel filter to fuel charging manifold assembly. Fuel charging manifold assembly incorporates electrically actuated fuel injectors directly above each intake port. Injectors spray metered quantity of fuel into intake airstream. Constant fuel pressure is maintained to injector nozzles by fuel pressure regulator. NOTE: For fuel pressure specifications, see FUEL PRESSURE SPECIFICATIONS article. 1996 Ford Thunderbird LX E - THEORY/OPERATION - 4.6L 1996 ENGINE PERFORMANCE Ford Motor Co. - Theory & Operation - EEC-V

Fig. 3: Identifying Fuel Pump Components Courtesy of FORD MOTOR CO. Fuel Pressure Regulator Fuel pressure regulator controls fuel pressure supplied to injectors. Fuel pressure regulator is attached to fuel supply manifold assembly, downstream of fuel injectors. Regulator is diaphragm operated. One side of diaphragm senses fuel pressure, and other side is subjected to intake manifold pressure. See Fig. 4 . 1996 Ford Thunderbird LX E - THEORY/OPERATION - 4.6L 1996 ENGINE PERFORMANCE Ford Motor Co. - Theory & Operation - EEC-V

Fuel pressure is controlled by spring preload applied to diaphragm. Balancing one side of diaphragm with manifold pressure maintains constant fuel pressure at injectors. Excess fuel supplied by pump, but not consumed by engine, passes through regulator and returns to fuel tank through fuel return line. Fig. 4: Cross - Sectional View Of Pressure Regulator Components Courtesy of FORD MOTOR CO. Inertia Fuel Shutoff (IFS) Switch In the event of a collision or vehicle rollover, electrical contacts within the inertia switch trip open and voltage supply to the electric fuel pump is shut off. If the electrical circuit trips, it is not possible to restart the vehicle until the switch is reset. A reset button is located on the switch assembly. See Fig. 5 . WARNING: DO NOT reset IFS switch until complete fuel system has been inspected for leaks. 1996 Ford Thunderbird LX E - THEORY/OPERATION - 4.6L 1996 ENGINE PERFORMANCE Ford Motor Co. - Theory & Operation - EEC-V

Fig. 5: Identifying IFS Reset Button Switch Positions Courtesy of FORD MOTOR CO. FUEL CONTROL Fuel Injectors The PCM controls fuel injector ON time to meter fuel quantity into intake ports. The PCM receives inputs from engine sensors to compute fuel flow necessary to maintain correct air/fuel ratio throughout entire engine operating range. Injector ON time pulse width is the only controlled variable in fuel delivery system. Each cylinder has a solenoid-operated injector that sprays fuel toward the back of each intake valve. Fuel injector nozzles are solenoid-operated valves, which meter and atomize fuel delivered to engine. Each injector receives battery voltage through an ignition switch circuit. The PCM-controlled ground circuit is used to complete the circuit and energize the injector. Injector bodies consist of solenoid-actuated pintle and needle valve assembly. Injector flow orifice is fixed and fuel pressure at injector tip is constant. Fuel flow to engine is regulated according to length of time solenoid is energized. This period is known as pulse width. Atomized spray pattern is obtained by shape of pintle. IDLE SPEED Idle Air Control (IAC) Valve Assembly 1996 Ford Thunderbird LX E - THEORY/OPERATION - 4.6L 1996 ENGINE PERFORMANCE Ford Motor Co. - Theory & Operation - EEC-V

1994 Mercury Cougar Service & Repair Manual

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