General InformationBody Repairs,
General Body Repairs
Edition 10.2021
Service
Service Department. Technical Information
Repair Group
Technical information should always be available to the foremen and mechanics, because their
careful and constant adherence to the instructions is essential to ensure vehicle road-worthiness
and safety. In addition, the normal basic safety precautions for working on motor vehicles must, as
a matter of course, be observed.
Service
All rights reserved.
No reproduction without prior agreement from publisher.
Copyright © 2021 Audi AG, Ingolstadt 001KAH00020
Contents
1 Safety briefing/employee qualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Qualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Safety information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.1 Safety information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.2 Safety precautions when working on the cooling system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.3 Safety precautions when using testers and measuring instruments during a road test . . . . 5
2.4 High-voltage components / electric vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3 Repair instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1 Information on handling fine dust, aluminium dust and steel dust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2 Bonding surfaces for self-adhesive components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3 Secure threaded connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.4 Identification plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.5 Impact wrenches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.6 Multi-material mix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.7 Extraction systems for steel/aluminium body repair station ("multi-material-mix" workplace)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.8 Battery, power supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.9 Air conditioning system / refrigerant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.10 Electronic control units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4 General notes on body repairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.1 Original joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.2 Galvanised body parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.3 Removing remaining material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.4 New parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.5 Moulded foam inserts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5 Explanation of symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.1 Symbols relating to procedures for separating components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.2 Symbols relating to welding, brazing and soldering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.3 Symbols relating to rivets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.4 Symbols relating to preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.5 Symbols relating to corrosion protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6 Vehicle body construction features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.1 Body structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
7 Assessing damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
7.1 General notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
7.2 Checking weld seams and aluminium node castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
7.3 Load paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
7.4 Measuring procedures / damage diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
7.5 Overview of materials used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
7.6 Passive safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
8 Thermal joining techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
8.1 Resistance spot welding (RP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
8.2 Shielded arc plug welding (SG plug welding) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
8.3 SG continuous seams and stitch weld seams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
8.4 MIG soldering/brazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
8.5 Aluminium welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
8.6 Laser welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
8.7 Laser soldering/brazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
8.8 Replacement joining techniques in repair work (steel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
8.9 Replacement joining techniques in repair work (aluminium) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
9 Processing body structure adhesive D 180 004 M2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
9.1 Preparing bonding surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
General InformationBody Repairs, General Body Repairs - Edition 10.2021
Contents i
10 Cold joining techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
10.1 Rivets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
10.2 Flow-drill screws (FDS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
10.3 Clinching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
11 Separating techniques in body welding; areas of application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
11.1 Drilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
11.2 Saw-cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
11.3 Grinding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
11.4 Milling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
12 Surface repairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
12.1 Dent removal techniques for sheet steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
12.2 Dent removal procedures for aluminium panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
12.3 Processing metal and aluminium filler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
12.4 Processing unleaded tin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
12.5 Definition of “accurately aligned surface” / handover to paint shop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
13 Performing straightening work on body structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
13.1 Straightening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
13.2 Separating cuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
13.3 Body sub-parts and part sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
14 Corrosion protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
14.1 Corrosion protection for attachments and welded parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
14.2 Cavity sealing agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
15 Plastic repairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
15.1 Repairing dents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
15.2 Repairing scratches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
15.3 Repairing cracks and tears (up to a length of 100 mm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
15.4 Repairing holes (up to 30 mm diameter) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
15.5 Plastic repairs (glass fibre materials) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
16 Glass repairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
16.1 Repairing windscreens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
16.2 Special tools, workshop equipment, testers, measuring instruments and other items
required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
16.3 Description of repair work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
17 Thread repairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
17.1 Thread repairs for safety-related components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
17.2 Repairing threads for attachment of subframe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
17.3 Helicoil plus Twinsert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
General InformationBody Repairs, General Body Repairs - Edition 10.2021
ii Contents
1 Safety briefing/employee qualifica‐
tion
(AKAH000017; Edition 10.2021)
1.1 Qualification
The vehicle-specific training modules must be completed to en‐
sure that repair work can be performed correctly and reliably in
the workshop.
⇒ Rep. gr. 00; Safety briefing/employee qualification; Qualifica‐
tion
General InformationBody Repairs, General Body Repairs - Edition 10.2021
1. Safety briefing/employee qualification 1
2 Safety information
⇒ i2.1 nformation”, page 2
⇒ p2.2 recautions when working on the cooling system”, page
4
⇒ p2.3 recautions when using testers and measuring instru‐
ments during a road test”, page 5
⇒ c2.4 omponents / electric vehicles”, page 5
2.1 Safety information
Observe country-specific accident prevention and industrial
safety regulations.
Always use an extraction system when performing welding and
grinding operations.
WARNING
Risk of explosion due to concentration of aluminium and steel
dust caused by welding and cutting work.
Danger of severe or fatal injuries due to explosion.
– Before starting work, check that extraction system is work‐
ing properly and clean it.
– Remove any dust caused by sanding using the vacuum
cleaner approved for the corresponding material.
– Always separate dust from different materials (separation
of aluminium, steel, CFRP).
– Keep work station free of aluminium and steel dust. Re‐
move any accumulation of dust.
– Do not use compressed air to remove dust deposits.
– Do not perform simultaneous welding and grinding work in
the same working area.
– To prevent external sparks, use only compressed-air
grinding and cutting devices (as far as possible).
– Empty extraction system after use.
– Avoid water and moisture when performing cutting or
grinding work.
⇒ o3.1 n handling fine dust, aluminium dust and steel dust”,
page 6
Safety precautions for fibre composite materials (CFRP)
⇒ f7.5.5 eatures of carbon fibre-reinforced plastics (CFRP)”,
page 25
Danger due to gases which are hazardous to health
Sparks are generated during welding and cutting work. Gases
which are hazardous to health are generated if sparks make
contact with foam-filled areas within the vehicle body.
– Do not use spark-generating tools to perform welding and
cutting work in the vicinity of foam-filled areas.
General InformationBody Repairs, General Body Repairs - Edition 10.2021
2 2. Safety information
WARNING
Danger of explosion if sanding, welding or cutting work is
performed near fuel tank or components carrying fuel.
Risk of severe injuries and burns.
– Remove fuel tank or components carrying fuel before per‐
forming sanding, welding or cutting work in the vicinity of
the fuel system.
DANGER
Damaged natural gas fuel tanks constitute an explosion risk -
risk of death!
– If components at the rear and/or rear side of the vehicle
(e.g. bumper cover, rear lid, underbody trim, longitudinal
member, rear cross panel, etc.) are removed due to acci‐
dent damage, the natural gas fuel tanks must be checked
for damage.
– Carry out assessment of damage to fuel tanks ⇒ Natural
gas engines - General information; Rep. gr. 20; Assessing
damage to fuel tanks.
CAUTION
Risk of injury caused by flying metal shavings.
Eyes and skin can suffer irritation or injuries.
– Put on safety goggles.
– Put on protective gloves.
CAUTION
Risk to health due to dust.
Risk of irreversible dust deposits in lungs and respiratory
problems when performing grinding and cutting work.
– Wear a dust protection mask.
– Use a suitable extraction system.
– Do not use cutting tools for working on CFRP materials.
CAUTION
Gases hazardous to health can be given off if spark-generat‐
ing tools for welding, brazing or cutting are used in the vicinity
of foam material.
– Never perform welding, brazing or cutting work closer than
15 mm to moulded foam inserts.
– Use an extraction system when performing work.
Use an extraction system when performing welding and grind‐
ing operations.
Welding and grinding must never be performed simultaneously
in the same working area.
Working area must be cleaned at regular intervals as necessary
to remove dust.
Do not use compressed air to remove dust deposits.
Empty extraction system after use.
General InformationBody Repairs, General Body Repairs - Edition 10.2021
2. Safety information 3
Observe the relevant country-specific accident prevention and
industrial safety regulations.
Separating bonded joints
Bonded joints on the body can be separated by applying heat.
The adhesives used during vehicle manufacture and repairs are
destroyed at temperatures between 180 and 200°C.
Note
♦ Wear protective gloves and safety goggles.
♦ Ensure that adhesives do not make direct contact with skin.
♦ Avoid breathing in solvent vapours.
♦ Only work on adhesives in well ventilated areas.
♦ It is essential to pay attention to warnings provided by manu‐
facturers.
♦ Also observe all safety regulations which apply in your coun‐
try.
♦ The corresponding safety data sheets for the adhesives
must be observed.
♦ Use suitable extraction system.
Galvanised body parts
CAUTION
Welding galvanised sheet steel gives off toxic zinc oxide in
the welding fumes.
– Use an extraction system when performing work.
2.2 Safety precautions when working on the cooling system
Risk of scalding as hot coolant can escape
The cooling system is under pressure when the power unit is
hot. Risk of scalding due to hot steam and hot coolant
– Put on protective gloves.
– Put on safety goggles.
– Cover filler cap on expansion tank with a cloth and open
carefully to release pressure.
Risk of injury if auxiliary air conditioner is activated
On electric and hybrid vehicles, the auxiliary air conditioner can
switch itself on if it has been activated. The radiator fans can
start up automatically and trap or draw in parts of the body.
– Deactivate auxiliary air conditioner.
General InformationBody Repairs, General Body Repairs - Edition 10.2021
4 2. Safety information
2.3 Safety precautions when using testers and measuring instruments during
a road test
Risk of injury if test equipment is not secured
If an accident occurs and the front passenger's airbag is trig‐
gered, test equipment which is not secured adequately may
be catapulted through the vehicle with potentially serious con‐
sequences.
– Secure test equipment on the rear seat with a strap.
Or:
– Have a second mechanic operate test equipment on the rear
seat.
2.4 High-voltage components / electric vehicles
High voltage can cause fatal injury.
The voltage levels in the high-voltage system constitute a safety
hazard. Danger of severe or fatal injuries from electric shock or
electric arcs if high-voltage components or high-voltage wiring
are damaged.
– Carry out a visual inspection of high-voltage components
and high-voltage wiring.
– Never use cutting/forming tools or other sharp-edged imple‐
ments in the vicinity of high-voltage components and high-
voltage wires.
– Never perform work using welding, brazing, thermal bonding
or hot air in the vicinity of high-voltage components or high-
voltage wires.
General InformationBody Repairs, General Body Repairs - Edition 10.2021
2. Safety information 5
3 Repair instructions
⇒ o3.1 n handling fine dust, aluminium dust and steel dust”,
page 6
⇒ s3.2 urfaces for self-adhesive components”, page 7
⇒ t3.3 hreaded connections”, page 7
⇒ p3.4 lates”, page 7
⇒ w3.5 renches”, page 7
⇒ m3.6 ix”, page 8
⇒ s3.7 ystems for steel/aluminium body repair station ("multi-
material-mix" workplace) ”, page 8
3.1 Information on handling fine dust, alu‐
minium dust and steel dust
Separating aluminium dust and steel dust
All emissions from the new lightweight materials are classified
under the German ordinance on dangerous substances (or
equivalent national regulations). This requires a risk assess‐
ment to be conducted by the company performing the repairs,
in addition to the requirements of the vehicle manufacturer with
regard to repair quality.
The employer must only permit activities involving dangerous
substances to be started after a risk assessment has been
performed and the required protective measures have been
implemented.
In the specific case, this means that every workshop performing
repairs is obligated to perform this risk assessment and that this
must be done before starting or continuing the work.
Fine aluminium dust
Physical properties:
♦ Aluminium dust is flammable; it can be explosive depending
on the particle sizes and concentrations.
Chemical properties:
♦ Aluminium dust and water produce flammable/explosive hy‐
drogen gas.
♦ Aluminium dust and iron oxide (rust) react with each other by
releasing heat (exothermic redox reaction).
♦ Aluminium dust and iron oxide and a powerful ignition
source can trigger a thermite reaction with a mixture ratio
of 1:3. This metal fire burns at temperatures of up to 2400°C
and cannot be extinguished with water.
♦ Aluminium dust is a dangerous substance and must be dis‐
posed of correctly in accordance with local regulations.
Fine steel dust
Physical properties:
♦ Steel particles can build up a static charge and can also be
an ignition source for the aluminium dust even when cold.
♦ Flying sparks when processing steel provide the perfect igni‐
tion source for aluminium dust.
General InformationBody Repairs, General Body Repairs - Edition 10.2021
6 3. Repair instructions
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Description
Models covered:
- Audi A4 Avant 1.4L TFSI 6MT (150 HP)
- Audi A4 Avant 1.4L TFSI 7AT (150 HP)
- Audi A4 Avant 2.0L TFSI Quattro 7AT (252 HP)
- Audi A4 Avant 2.0L TFSI ultra 6MT (190 HP)
- Audi A4 Avant 2.0L TFSI ultra 7AT (190 HP)
- Audi A4 Avant 2.0L TDI 6MT (150 HP)
- Audi A4 Avant 2.0L TDI 6MT (190 HP)
- Audi A4 Avant 2.0L TDI 7AT (150 HP)
- Audi A4 Avant 2.0L TDI 7AT (190 HP)
- Audi A4 Avant 2.0L TDI Quattro 7AT (190 HP)
- Audi A4 Avant 2.0L TDI ultra 6MT (150 HP)
- Audi A4 Avant 2.0L TDI ultra 6MT (190 HP)
- Audi A4 Avant 2.0L TDI ultra 7AT (150 HP)
- Audi A4 Avant 2.0L TDI ultra 7AT (190 HP)
- Audi A4 Avant 3.0L TDI 7AT (218 HP)
- Audi A4 Avant 3.0L TDI Quattro 7AT (218 HP)
- Audi A4 Avant 3.0L TDI Quattro 8AT (272 HP)
This 2017 Audi A4 Avant Service & Repair Manual is a comprehensive guide used by Audi technicians and covers your specific model and its variants. Whether you're a professional mechanic or a DIY enthusiast, this manual provides troubleshooting and replacement procedures, step-by-step instructions, clear images, and exploded-view illustrations.
Regular maintenance is essential for the durability of your vehicle. This manual equips you with the manufacturer's recommended troubleshooting charts and replacement procedures, enabling you to save on repairs, increase your vehicle's reliability, and minimize visits to the repair shop.
With this repair manual, you'll have everything you need to rebuild the engine and replace every component, including wiring diagrams, torque specs, and exploded-view illustrations. The manufacturer's troubleshooting charts allow you to quickly identify the cause of any issue based on specific symptoms, making it user-friendly even for beginners.
Printable: Yes
Compatibility: Pretty much any electronic device, incl. PC & Mac computers, Android and Apple smartphones & tablet, etc.
Requirements: Adobe Reader (free)
